Law of International Trade Essay Example for Free

Law of International Trade EssayIntroductionCoffee Beans that were bought in Sao Paulo, brazil nut argon to be transported to a depot based in Durham, England. The total weight of the Coffee Beans to be shipped is 1500 tonnes. At first, this whitethorn seem to be an quotidian shipment on the surface. However, when putting into perspective the amount of legalities to be fulfilled and the massive quantity of beans involved, the daunting nature of the task becomes evident.Every country has its give birth set of peculiar trade laws. These laws become more complex and stringent when it comes to International trade. However, while trading across boundaries, the local domestic law need to be respected at any speak to. An International trade law is a combination of the law of the land and international laws finding the transactions of goods or run across b enjoins (Cornell, 2005).Multilateral treaties are also subscribe between countries to resolve disputes and effectively enforc e inversely consented terms and conditions. This is done to standardize the total process and prevent conflicts. For instance, the Convention on contracts for the International Sales of Goods(CISG) is one such international trade agreement put forth by the UN to govern International trade trading operations.The antithetic modes of cargo ships available for merchant vessels need to be considered, keeping in mind a host of factors. This includes ensuring the safe wipe of the beans at each and every picture, right from the spot of purchase to the destination depot. Efforts also need to be made to make the process as economical as possible. The reduction in transportation charges would translate to higher levels of profit.The sharing of the costs involved in shipping the beans should be properly worked out and the decisions should be incorporated into the agreement. The point at which the sellers liability ends also needs to be appropriately documented. It is unremarkably in dicated by the INCO terms. Although economy in transportation is essential, it should not come at the cost of invaluable clock time. The goods also need to be transported within a reasonable timeframe. The laws regulating trade in the red as well as destination points need to be properly interpreted, in order to avoid confusion at a later point of time. This calls for relevant paperwork which would certify the legitimacy of the whole process.To start with, the whole process needs to be broken down into different steps. The purchase of coffee beans asshole either be from a manufacturer or a wholesaler. Relevant proof of purchase allow ford should be provided by the seller, after receiving the agreed price. Other swop licences should be purchased, in order to ship them to the depot in Durham. Then, the purchased beans are moved to a warehouse.Since the purchased goods are quite voluminous and bulky, transporting the goods through best the near cost-effective solution. However, the goods from the sellers exposit make believe to be transported to a warehouse. A warehouse is usually an empty storage with adequate facilities for moving goods. It is apply by manufacturers, line of businesses, importers, wholesalers, exporters and customs agency to intermediately store goods.The seller would call for to notify the buyer astir(predicate) the estimated time of arrival. The seller would also have to provide necessary proof documents of each stage involved in the expression of the goods. A host of expenses are usually incurred during the fishing rig of goods from one country to another.This includes expenses incurred in Warehouse storage and labour, export packing, fill up charges, inland freight, terminal charges, forwarders fee, vessel loading charges, charges upon arrival, ocean/ air freight, excise duty, taxes, customs and charges upon delivery at the destination. While carrying out International trade, the main concern is the surety of obtaining payme nts within an acceptable finale of time. This concern is addressed by the concept of nonsubjective Credits.Documentary Credit is a system by which the buyer instructs his swear to pay the seller. On the basis of customer trust, the bank transfers the funds to the sellers bank account on the behalf of the buyer. However, adequate documents in support of the concerned transaction will have sent from the ship to the sellers bank.After substantiating these documents, they are sent to the buyers bank for further processing (Fraud Aid, 2005). In this arrangement, the bank becomes the primary obligator, thereby promoting healthy International trade by eliminating doubts and concerns about payment. The written instruction given by the buyer to his bank is also usually cognize as letter of credit (L/C).The International sleeping accommodation of Commerce has defined some internationally recognised trading terms. These terms are otherwise referred to as INCO terms 2000. These trading te rms are commonly used during the overseas transportation of goods. They are used to indicate whether it is the seller or buyer that has to capture the required documents essential for carrying out trade on a global scale. The INCO terms should be followed by the named place mentioned in the contract (International Business Institute, 2000). The named place in this case is Durham, England. These terms are fitting of designating the liabilities as well as rights of each party involved.Incoterms 2000Ex Works refers to type of delivery where the entire cost and risk of transporting the goods from sellers premises to the final destination is borne by the buyer. This model is highly beneficial to the seller, since there is no risk involved. The seller does not even have to take up the responsibility of loading the goods from his premises, as the only bargain will be to make goods available. The relevant invoice and testimonials mentioned in the contract will also have to be provided b y the seller. The short term for Ex Works is EXW.Free Alongside Ship transfers the risk and cost of transportation when the seller transports the goods to the quay, alongside the ship. The contraction for Free Alongside Ship is FAS. In Free Carrier, the responsibility of ensuring the safety of the goods ends for the seller when the goods are handed over to the Carriers handgrip at a mutually agreed location.This location is referred to as the named point. In Free On Board, the seller bears the liability until the goods are put on menu the ship at the demeanor of shipment. The port of shipment is mentioned in the contract. From this point, the risk transfers to the Buyer. This is commonly known as FOB.In be Freight (CFR), the seller ships the goods to the named Port of destination mentioned in the contract, by paying the freight charges. The buyer then takes up complete responsibility when the goods pass over the ships rail at the Port. The conditions of Cost indemnity Freigh t are similar to the previous one. However, the Seller has to take the additional responsibility of paying the insurance premium on the buyers behalf. This is denoted by CIF. The seller has to also incur expenses in insuring all the risks until the named destination, in the case of sort Insurance Paid (CIP).When the seller bears the freight charges of the goods until they reach the mutually agreed location, it is mentioned as Carriage Paid (APT). As soon as the goods reach the first carrier, it becomes a liability of the buyer. In Delivery at term (DAB), the seller bears the charges and liabilities until the goods enter the Frontier. When the goods reach the Customs process, it risk transfers to the buyer. Delivered craft Paid (ADP) is most favorable to the buyer, since the seller will bear all charges incurred in delivering the goods to the buyer.Delivered debt instrument Unpaid is similar to ADP, with the exception of import duty and other official import charges that are bor ne by the buyer. In Delivered Ex Ship (DES), the responsibility and cost of transferring the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the ship carrying the goods reaches the destination port. It will be the buyers responsibility to discharge the goods. Delivered Ex Quay (DEQ) is of twain types Duty Paid and Duty on Buyers Account. The seller has the obligation to deliver the goods in the quay of the destination port. Either the buyer or the sealer takes up the responsibility of the paying the duty, according to the initial agreement.Farther considerationsMany factors have to be considered when it comes to structuring a carriage contract agreement. There are three forms of carriage common carriage, contract carriage and occult carriage. Common carriage is a type of carrier redevelopment catering to the general public to perform common transportation services. These services have to be authorized by various government regulatory agencies. The tariffs that are charged for the service lawfully demanded locations are held by these agencies. baffle carriage involves transportation services to an unlimited number of posts. These agencies also have to construct necessary authorization from the same agencies. Relevant contracts consisting of details about the minimum rates and charges are depositd at different granting agencies and. Copies of this contract are also retained at the facilities of the shippers as well as the carriers.Private carriage offers transportation services to business enterprises. This service is for meant for manufacturers and distributors that transport their goods in their private vehicles driven by their own employees. It is also commonly known as shipper-carrier.The distinct needs provision takes care of distinguishing the different carriage types. It is very essential to distinguish between a normal contract and a carriage contract failure to accomplish this could result in several liability issues on both sides. This distinct nee ds provision helps to distinguish a carriage contract from a regular one.This provision incorporates authorized unique terms and conditions including specific requirements of a shipper and the obligations that need to be satisfied by the contract carrier. Some of the commonly mention distinct needs in a carriage contract agreement are price adjustment clauses, terms of credit, incidental transportation charges, cargo transfer charges and specific delivery schedules. However, the shipper should very comprise these unique services if they are mentioned. A certain degree of reasonableness should be allowed while dealing with carriage contracts.First of all, one has to clear various shipping term in order to comprehend the shipping rules better. Carrier is a term used to refer to the person who signs the contract of carriage with a shipper. It is usually the owner or charterer who hires a ship to carry their cargo, passengers or other goods. Shipper refers to the person who pays mone y to the carrier to transport his goods (Arnold, 2003). Hence, the term shipper may either refer to the buyer or the seller of the beans, depending upon the INCO term in use.Carrier is the company or agency which undertakes to ship the beans from Brazil to England. The Contract of carriage will apply to agreements mentioned in the bill of take or any similar document that concerns the carriage of goods by sea. The term goods is used to refer to wares, merchandise and other articles. However, live animals are not included in the goods category. Goods such as brandy and gun powder were assort as dangerous goods. The validity end of the Contract of carriage starts from the time of goods being loaded until they are unloaded from the ship.Hague Hague Visby RulesHague rules were framed by the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to criterions of onus and protocol of Signature. It came into effect on 25 August 1924 in Brussels. It was an eff ort to constitute a minimum mandatory liability for carriers, since most of them were evading the liability due to vent or damage of cargo. accord to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this was a move by the International community to fabricate a uninfected system for the shipper as well as the carrier. Even today, these rules act as the foundation for framing marine trading laws for a majority of the nations around the world. consort to Hague Rules, the carrier will be liable to bear the cost of damaged or lost goods only if the shipper is able to prove that the shippers lack or absence of diligence. However, the carrier would not be held liable if the ship was unseaworthy. The carrier will also lose the liability to compensate for the goods, when the damage is caused by a natural calamity termed as Act of God or a fire accident which is caused to due to any reason other than a chemise in the carrier vessel. The carrier will also not be liable f or alter caused due to the act of terrorists, war or and other anti-social elements identical pirates.The carrier would not be amenable for a delay in the delivery of goods, if the delay was caused due to an emergency situation like lockouts, quarantine operations or public strikes. The shipper would not be able to claim damages from the carrier, even in the event of neglect of the duty by the employees of the ship. Hence, this enabled the carrier to get away with liabilities arising as a result of errors made by the people work on board such as mariners and the carriers working staff, if the carrier was in a position to prove that the ship was seaworthy and adequately and appropriately manned (Admiralty Law Guide, 2006). Since this provision lets carriers to get away scot-free, it has make up a serious conflict in balancing liabilities between the carrier and shipper.Transportation of goods involves two main types of contracts. They are Carriage Contract Agreement and tirade of Lading Contract. Carriage Contract Agreements are usually signed when long shipments are involved. It serves as a continuing contract that stands for the safe delivery of goods to promised destination. It usually covers multiple shipments that are necessary to carry out a long shipment process. The complete shipment process may involve other modes of transportation such as ground and air shipment. However, carriage contract can not serve as a receipt of merchandise.The tip of Lading is issued by the carrier as a proof of receiving the goods and serves as receipt of merchandise. A Bill of Lading is an agreement for a single shipment process which may be a part of a long process. In the practical sense, it is a list of expenditures incurred towards loading goods into a vessel. It is governed by all the terms and conditions mentioned in the Carriage Contract. It also acts as certificate that verifies the authenticity of the loaded goods. Further, it indicates whether the received g oods were in good condition or not. Depending upon condition of the goods and furtherance, the Bill of Lading is classified as Clean or Foul Bill of Lading. It also is further proof of the existence of a Carriage Contract (Wikipedia, 2006).However, the Bill of pack and Carriage Contract are completely different entities and they serve different purposes. Hence, the Bill of Lading can not be used as a Contract Carriage and vice versa. There are three types of bill of burden straight bill of lading, order bill of lading and bearer bill of lading.In straight bill of lading, the consignee can claim damages from the consigner when the goods are not delivered on time due to defaulting or negligence of the consigner. This bill of lading is non-negotiable. In order bill of lading, the consignee can obtain delivery of goods if the consignee provides a bill and evidence showing the consigners interest to transfer. This bill of lading is negotiable. In bearer bill of lading, any person hold ing the bill of landing is entitled to receive the goods.When the consigner does not mention the consignees name, it becomes a bearer bill and can be negotiated. Goods that are issued with a negotiable bill of lading can be received only if the original documents are presented at the time of delivery. However, the speeding of trade and transit operations has given way to the issue of non-negotiable documents for goods, which enables the consigner to receive the goods by just presenting the non-negotiable bill of lading (Forwarder Law, 2005).Some of the standard obligations that have to be fulfilled by the consigner include providing the carrier with consignees name and address and destination of the carriage. The nature, weight, volume and the quantity of the goods to be shipped are also to be clearly stated.Even the packing and wrapping style, number of packages and any other details needed to identify the goods need to be provided by the consigner. The consignor would be held be r esponsible for any damages, in the event of false or insufficient details being provided. According to bind 283 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (CGSA) (1924), the Bill of Lading can be issued either in the name of a particular person or the bearer. It usually consists of the following details,1) Date of issuing the bill.2) Venue where the bill was signed and brought to effect.3) Place of departure and destination.4) Names and addresses of the consignor, consignee, carrier and the carriage commission agent.5) The value and appellative details of the shipped items.6) Date of shipping.7) Freight and other expenses with an indication of whether they are payable by the consignor or the consignee.8) The conditions pertaining to the loading and unloading, type of transport means required to be used for carriage, the course to be followed, a determination of the responsibility and any other special conditions which may be included in a carriage contract.In addition to the bill of lad ing, the carrier also issues a non-negotiable receipt called waybill which proves to be useful in a situation when the goods sire to begin with the transaction documents. It is also issued when the consignee and the consigner is the same person (Evans, 2001). This option can be chosen when the consigner decides to reduce paperwork. A ships delivery order is another document that undertakes to carry goods by sea. The provisions for this document are provided by the CGSA (1992). However, this document can neither substitute a waybill nor a bill of lading.According to Article 284 of the CGSA (1924), the carrier would be required to issue a bill of lading to the consigner. Alternatively, the carrier can also give a receipt mentioning the details of the goods carried and date of consignment to the consigner. The consigner would be required to deliver the goods to be shipped at the carriers premises. The consigner should also produce relevant document deemed necessary for shipping. The consigner will be held responsible for any liability arising as a result of inaccurate or rudimentary information in the documents provided.According to Article 288 of the CGSA (1924), Since the carrier possesses the right to take care the packaged goods and the standard of packing before the carriage, the damage of goods arising due to improper promotional material is not entirely borne by the consigner the liability is shared with the carrier.According to Article 289 of the same Act, the initial examination of the goods would require the presence of the consigner, if opening of packaging is involved. If the consigner is absent during the inspection process, the examination would progress and examination costs would be levied from the consigner. If the carrier finds the goods to be unsuitable for transit, the consigner would be informed about the same. Such goods would be shipped by the carrier only if the consigner bears the liability of damage of goods and the consigners conse nt about the same is incorporated into the Bill of Lading.Cargo Insurance compensates the shipper with losses caused due to fire, loss of cargo and damage. However, losses that can be recovered from the carrier will not be make up by Insurance Company. It is also popularly known as Marine insurance. It is further classified into Inland and Ocean Marine Insurance. Inland Marine Insurance is issued for goods that are transported without the involving any form sea transport and Ocean Marine Insurance is meant for goods that are shipped through waterways. The three pillars of Marine Insurance are insured interest, utmost good faith, and indemnity ( merchandise 911).Marine Insurance is not mandatory, unless it is mentioned so in the agreement. The proof of Insurance is provided by the Insurance policy duly signed by the authority of the Insurance Company. Generally, the insurance would cover the loss or damage of coffee beans under normal circumstances. However, the insurance would bec ome void when the shipper tries to or succeeds in causing intentional damage. When the loss of coffee beans is meagre or caused as a result of improper packaging, the insurance would not cover the loss.According to Article 292 of the CGSA (1924), the carrier is obliged to travel in the mutually agreed upon route mentioned in the agreement. However, the carrier is expected to take the shortest route if a route is not mentioned in the agreement. However, the carrier can change course if any unavoidable situation arises and the carrier would not be held liable for any loss caused to the consigner due to the late delivery of goods, provided a genuine reason is established.The goods being transported by the carrier should be properly safeguarded. The costs incurred in achieving this objective, such as repackaging charges are solely borne by the carrier. However, this does not imply taking additional care of the goods being transported. For instance, when animals are being shipped, the ca rrier will not be responsible for maintaining the health of the animal by providing food and water. The same condition will stand good while transporting plants as well. However, the carrier would have to take up such responsibilities, if such conditions governing the well-being of plants and animal are incorporated in the agreementGenerally, the carrier will have the obligation to discharge the goods from the ship and bear the charges incurred towards it. In the event of the agreement not requiring the delivery of the shipped item to the consignees facility, then the consignee would have to receive the same on a particular date fixed by the carrier. If the consignee fails to do so, then s/he would have to bear the charges incurred by the carrier for storing the shipped item. However, the consignee has the right to examine the contents before acknowledging the receipt and refuse the same, if the carrier is not co-operating.The nigh protocol towards the emancipation of the shippers came in the form of the Brussels protocol in 1968. It was responsible for infusing an important clause called the container clause. It enabled shippers to claim the compensation for each container specified in the Bill of Lading (Admiralty Law, 2005). As a result, this liability system came to be known as the Hague-Visby Rules. An additional protocol was added in 1979 to enhance and revise the rules. However, neither of two supplementary protocols of the Hague rules was able to effectively modify the basic liability provisions.Hamburg RulesThe Hamburg rules were enforced at the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea held in Hamburg on 30 March 1978. The chief objective was to enforce a system that would share the liabilities and obligations between shipper and carrier in fairer manner. However, it was only able to mildly move the liabilities to the carrier. In addition to the terms carrier, shipper, goods and ship, a term called genuine carrier is defined by the Hamburg rules. It refers to a person or an agency to which the carrier hands over the complete or partial responsibility of carrying the goods.The time period for claiming the liabilities caused by the carrier is also specified by the Hamburg rules. The shipper can sue the carrier for any liabilities with a two year time period from the date of delivery of the goods. This period can be extended by issuing appropriate legal declarations. However, this time period gets reduced to 90 days, in the case of a second claim after the verdict is reached for the first claim. First of all, a written complaint has to be instituted to the carrier within the next working day, in the case of apparent damage or loss.However, in the case of damage or loss not being evident, the shipper would have to file a written complaint to the carrier within 15 days of receiving the goods. In order to be in a position to claim damages due to delay, the carrier would have to give a compliant to the shipper withi n 60 days of the delivery. The complaint can be sent to the carrier in writing or via telegraph. Adequate facilities will also have provided by both parties to inspect and clarify these claims. If the shipper fails to satisfy any of the aforementioned conditions, he or she will not be able to claim damages from the carrier.The Hamburg rules also specify the limits for liability compensation. The compensation for the liabilities arising as a result of damage or loss can not exceed an amount more than 2.5 units of account per kilogram or 835 units of account per package. This unit is quantified by the International Monetary line of descent as a result of a Special Drawing Right. If the shippers democracy is a member of the International Monetary Fund, then the units would be changed into the postulates currency on the judgment day. If the shippers State is not a member of the International Monetary Fund, the units would be converted according to the States local laws. The liabiliti es for delay in the delivery of goods should not be more than the total freight payable it can be up to two and a half times the freight payable for the goods that are delayed, under the contract of carriage.Arbitrations DisputesThe arbitration of these claims and general disputes would normally take place in a venue of the claimers preference. However, the place should be with in accordance to the stipulations mentioned. It should not be a place outside the State where the defendants business or residence is located. It can also take place in a State where the contract was signed or at the place of loading or unloading the goods. Judicial action may also be taken against the carrier in the same places mentioned above.It is better to insure the coffee beans before they are to be shipped onboard a vessel, due to the risks involved in transportation. Since the carriers have only restricted limitations, it does make sense to obtain insurance. Most carriers shipping from Sao Paulo to D urham, for instance Xiameter (2006) follows Carriage and Insurance Paid (CIP) delivery. Therefore, it is better to ship the coffee beans through a reputed carrier, in order to minimise risks and complete the shipping within a desired period of time.BibliographiesACE- Baracuda, Guide to Incoterms,http//www.ace-baracuda.com/template7.asp?pageid=26 (accessed at 23 April 2006)Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide, International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Hague Rules), and Protocol of Signature http//www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html (accessed at 23 April 2006)Briel, E. (1947) International Straits A treatise on International law, Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen.Brooks, M, (2000) Sea Change in Liner Shipping Regulation and managerial Decision-Making in Global Industry, Pergamon press, Amsterdam.Brown, E.D. (1997) Law of Sea History. Bernhardt, R. (Ed), encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Amsterdam, Northern Hol land.Brugmann, G. (2003) Access to Maritime ports, Master of Laws (LLM), Books on Demand GmbH, Noderstedt, Germany.Caron, D. (1989) Ships, Nationality and Status. Bernhardt, R (Ed) Encyclopaedia of Public International law, Vol. 11, Amsterdam, Northern Holland.Lex Mercatoria Information on United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978 http//www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.sea.carriage.hamburg.rules.1978/doc (accessed at 23 April 2006)ReferencesAdmiralty Law (2005) Hague-Visby Rules. Available from http//www.admiraltylaw.com/statutes/hague.html (accessed at 29 April 2006).Admiralty Law Guide (2006) Hague Rules. Available from http//www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html (accessed at 28 April 2006).Arnold, A (2003) Relocation Terminology. Available from http//www.aarnold.net/terminology.htm (accessed at 28 April 2006).Evans, J (2001) Law of International Trade, 3rd Edition, Old Bailey Press, London.Cornell Law Sc hool. (2005) International Trade. Available from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/International_trade (accessed at 29 April 2006).Export 911. Principles of Cargo Insurance. Available from http//www.export911.com/e911/ship/principl.htmxInstitute (accessed at 30 April 2006).Forwarder Law. Status of Seaway Bills. Available from http//www.forwarderlaw.com/library/view.php?article_id=237 (accessed at 30 April 2006).Fraud Aid. (2005) Documentary Credit. Available from http//www.fraudaid.com/Dictionary-of-Financial-Scam-Terms/documentary_credit.htm (accessed at 28 April 2006).International Business Institute. (2000) Incoterms 2000. Available from http//www.i-b-t.net/incoterms.html (accessed at 29 April 2006).Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Hague Rules of 1924. Available from http//www.oecd.org/document/41/0,2340,en_2649_34367_2086825_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed at 29 April 2006)(2006) Bill of Lading. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_lad ing (accessed at 28 April 2006).Xiameter (2006) Incoterms 2000 Descriptions. Available from xiameter.com/content/bxrules/incoterms.pdf (accessed at 24 April 2006).

Comparison of Early American Literature Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Early American Literature EssayThe two selections Of Plymouth woodlet by William Bradford and The General History of Virginia by John Smith are some of the earlier pieces of American literature.Although they were both written in the same time period the style and attitudes vary greatly. William Bradford had a very direct form of musical composition commonly knget as plain puritan style, whereas, John Smith had a somewhat confusing, more elaborate, writing style. Bradfords piece also seemed more accurate than John Smiths account. For example, John Smith wrote of his capture by three hundred bowmen, conducted by the king of Pamunkee which seems more than a little exaggerated. After all, it generally doesnt take three hundred men to capture one. Smith exaggerated many times in order to romp about himself.There are many times when he refers to his greatness. In the following quote he boasts of his leadership skills and compassion for his fellow men maculation belitt ling his superiors The new President and Martin, cosmos little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers, and less industry in pause, committed the managing of all things abroad to senior pilot Smith, who, by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time her provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself William Bradford, on the other hand, boasts about his colony there was but six or septenary sound persons who to their great commendations, be it spoken, spared no pains night or day, but with abundance of toil and hard of their own health, fetched them wood, do them fires, dressed them meat, made their beds, washed their loathsome clothes, clothed and unclothed them.Bradford and Smith, both leaders of their colonies, wrote of their hardships in the new world. Despite these similarities the way they acted was very different. When John Smith writes about the autochthonic Americans he refers to them as savages and barbarians. He even calls Pocahontas, the girl who saved his life, a young wench. Bradford writes of the Native Americans ashuman beings. He even had a peace treaty with them that lasted twenty-four years.They also had different motifs for writing, which may contribute to the many differences. Smith wrote his selection to encourage people to come to America to find uplift and adventure. Bradford simply wanted to inform the readers of what the lives of colonists was really like.As different are their writing styles, motifs, and views these two men share some common ground, one being they are some of the earliest works of American Literature. So no matter how different or alike Smith and Bradfords writings are, History of Virginia and Of Plymouth Plantation will always be remembered as great American literature.

Comparison of Classical Homeopathic Methodology and Scholtens Theories Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Classical Homeopathic Methodology and Scholtens Theories EssayCritically evaluate one homeopathic methodology of your choice and compare it with the classical model. Give an account of the assumptions underpinning the method. Briefly discuss possible clinical situations where this method could be indicated and appropriate. In Aphorism 21 Hahnemann wrote that it is undeniable that the curative principle in medicines is not in itself perceptible and that wherefore we should rely on the morbid phenomena which the medicines produce in the healthy be as the sole possible revelation of their in-dwelling curative power. Hahnemann, 2001) Although it is possible that here Hahnemann was referring barely to the Doctrine of Signatures (whereby it is considered that the shape of the plant reveals its medical properties) since he wished to bear on the integrity of medical science, it has been argued that this Aphorism should also be apply to Jan Scholtens theories regarding the Periodic Table and that therefore the apply of remedies using Scholtens methods cannot be considered homeopathy. (Habich et al, 2003).Scholten advocates the use of compounds on which there dupe been no more than meditative or dream provings as opposed to physical provings. However although Scholtens work on the periodic table has not promoted the use of physical provings he originally studied both chemistry and philosophy (for two and three years respectively) and has applied logic to draw a picture of the homeopathic properties of all cations and anions using the periodic table and the compounds which they make.Scholtens work is based on key concepts kind of than the individual symptoms from a proving and in his book Homeopathy and Minerals he describes a process callight-emitting diode Group Analysis. In group analysis all the vernacular symptoms in a family of salts or cations, (such as one thousand), or anions (such as the carbonates, chlorides, phosphates and sulphate s), are extracted and grouped together. This way of looking at a remedy is in railway system with classical homeopathy and influenced by Kents grouping for example under the mind section in Kents Repertory impatience contains five diverse potassium salts (kali-ar, kali-bi, kali-c, kali-p and kali-s).In the same way as Kent, from this type of information Scholten would deduce that all the potassium salts would exhibit impatience a conclusion displace whether or not an individual potassium salt had been proved or not. Kent had already begun this type of deduction by including a picture of Kali-Silicatum and Kali-arsenicosum from his knowledge of Silica, Arsenicum and the potassium salts in his Lesser Writings.However Scholten expanded on this work and developed key concepts for individual particles When the individual key concept of a cation and an anion are know he posits that when unite into a single compound the compound can be given a definitive concept by drawing conclusions from the cation or anion characteristics. For example in Kali-carb the themes of duty and pragmatism in a kali, and self worth and hard work in a carbon would be combined to form a picture of principled person doing their duty. (Scholten, 1993).Scholtens work also goes further still and he has divided the periodic table into the plane and the vertical for use in homeopathic analysis. The horizontal joins to the number of shells surrounding an mote and these he has categorised into seven different series Hydrogen Series(one shell), hundred Series (all those atoms with two outer shells), Silicum (all those with three shells), Ferrum (all those with four shells), Silver (all those with five), Gold (all those with six) and Uranium (all those with seven).He has related these to Themes ( universe, I, Other, Work, Ideas, Leaders and Magus), Age (seven stages from foetus to old age), compass (seven stages from spaceless to universe), Sense (from smell to intuition) and Tissue (from skin to Bone marrow). In Scholtens view of the periodic table the eighteen horizontal arrangements which relate to the size of the atom decreasing in size in relation to its density (i. e. density increases) along the periodic table are arranged in a cycle.This cycle he relates to eighteen stages starting with beginning, then steadily moving on through the following seventeen stages finding space, company, establishing, preparing, proving, practising, perseverance, supremacy in sight, Lord and Master, preserving, division, withdrawal, formal, loss, remembering, the end, permit go, rest and then finally back to beginning. (Scholten, 1993) In this way a fuller picture of the elements and hence the resulting compounds can be drawn.Scholten tells how he first looked at known remedies but the tenacious order that presented itself meant that he was able to fill in the gaps by making an informed guess as to what should be succeeding(a) in the table, very ofttimes like Mendeleev when he w as first constructing the chemical periodic table and made correct guesses as to the next in a sequence. (Scholten, 2005) By using these methods group analysis can not only cover particular known salts or anions by can be encompassing to so a whole series in the periodic table so that each elements unique identity s revealed. It also instrument that element or compound can be looked at in greater breadth and this can be particularly helpful not only where elements have not received a proving but where they have only received a small proving. Scholten himself also asserts that his remedy pictures are more holistic in that they also show a positive side whilst the traditional provings tend to show mainly the negative side resulting in a picture that is a caricatures of the remedy. Scholten, 2009) Although it could perhaps be argued that there is a justification for making assumptions about minerals where the anions and cations in them have received physical provings, meaning that th ere could be an machine rifle right to call the use of this homeopathy, it is harder to justify those compounds in which neither anions nor cations have had any physical proving.This is the case with the Lanthanides here Scholten has made predictions as to the key concepts in these hitherto unused remedies using a combination of meditative provings and assumptions from the work on the periodic table (Scholten, 2005). He argues however that meditative provings not only have a financial advantage over a traditional proving but that there is an advantage in that they are not attention mutualist or open to disturbances taking place in the life of the prover although he does recognise that a meditative proving will only give a uncomplete picture (Scholten, 2007).In contrast, as well as Hahnemanns advocacy of relying only on phenomena produced by remedies in healthy bodies in aphorism 143 he also purports that only when a considerable number of medicines have been tested will we have a true materia medica (Hahnemann, 2001) He lay down coercive guidelines for provings which have today been expanded upon and the European Council for Classical Homeopathy has produced its own set of guidelines issuing safety guidelines and advising on best practice.However it was the clinical success that Scholten first achieved from developing key concepts with previously unknown salts that inspired him in his development of the Periodic table furthering work that was first attempted by Sherr and Sankaran (Scholten, 1993) and which subsquently led to the work on the Lanthanides. These too have been report to be a valuable homeopathic tool and the clinical successes achieved by their use have been reported in an article published in The Homeopath by Jackie McTaggart. McTaggart). By presenting remedies in a sequential way it also facilitates understanding of remedy relationships, and therefore acts as an financial aid in choosing follow up remedies or promoting an understanding of h ow a better choice of remedy could be arrived at. Scholten also points out that although information that does not come from provings is ostensibly frowned upon, by other leading homeopaths, including Vithoulkas much of the data for the polychrests does not come from provings but from clinical data.On his website he offers as an example the fact that in Essences of Materia Medica (Vithoulkas, 1991) Vithoulkas gives fifty-two symptoms of Lycopodium whereas in the original provings there are only thirteen symptoms. (Scholten, 2008). This group analysis or thematic prescribing has been criticised for its lack of adherence to physical provings but its basic idea has proved usual. There are homeopaths that having learnt the system, find this way of prescribing simpler and more successful (Watson, 2004) and it has proved popular and widely used enough to be included in the MacReportory.Although still finding acceptance in some quarters Scholtens way of prescribing is very much pointed t owards classical prescribing, with its emphasis on definitive holistic concepts. Having only one definitive concept (for example Ferrum Muriaticum being defined as Disciplined Mother) means it would not lend itself to prescriptions that use more than one remedy. Since the concepts employed by Scholten attend to have been primarily developed along psychological themes it would also appear that this method of prescribing does not lend itself to palliative or acute prescribing either.However the beauty of the system is its expansive nature and it could therefore easily be sufficient to to both acute situations for instance beginnings of a cold brought on by over indulgence, or a chronic situation that needed palliating such as advanced bone cancer when one might look to letting go, series seven for bone. Finding concepts for acute situations or those that need palliating could be aid by the Repertory developed by Scholten it includes 15,000 rubrics and has over 40,000 entries and au guments his previous work Homeopathy and Minerals and Homeopathy and the Elements written three years later in 1996.It is blank that Scholten recognises that much in homeopathy needs to be updated and he has presented the format of rubrics in a new way with nouns being put first followed by verbs, adjectives and adverbs so that along with a more scientific way of investigating the homeopathic properties of elements and compounds there is a more standardised way of finding the concepts and symptoms too. Scholten does not stop there in the repertory he also suggests that it is time has come for the old familiar names to make way for a newer system.Being a chemist Scholten would be aware that in the last sixty years there has been a movement headed by the International Union of unmixed and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to standardise the nomenclature of chemicals so that there sequencing can be deduced from their name. It is therefore not surprising that he should also seek to standardi se remedy names so that place in the periodic can more readily be understood meaning that it would become easier understand the characteristics of a remedy simply by readings its name.In Stages as a universal principle for differentiation Scholten is also currently looking at how the series and stages relate to the plant and animal kingdoms (Scholten2007) Although tools such as MacRepertory have made it easier to find the correct remedy the standardising effect of Scholtens work should be a great aid for both educators and students of homeopathy should it be looked at more closely. It promotes both greater understanding of remedies, a greater range of remedies from which to choose and also by its logical nature can be an aid in understanding remedy relationships.www. interhomeopathy. org http//www. interhomeopathy. org/fr-dogmatism-in-homeopathyhttp//www.interhomeopathy.org/archives-by-category?c=theory

The Smartphone Security Awareness Information Technology Essay

The Smartphone Security Aw atomic crook 18ness cultivation applied science EssayOver the past decade mobile phones bring forth wrick pervasive and fox evolved signifi sacktly from feature phones to refreshfulphones to fit the increasing needs of the competitive market and to meet consumers wants and needs. The purpose of this research paper is to provide appreciation and raise guarantor sense into the risks posed by un ascertaind smart mobile devices.Smartphones are ubiquitous devices and are comparative to the personal computer in terms of computational power, choice of operating placements, software with the equivalent ex exded features and the ability to support 3rd digressy software.Smartphones have enabled bloodlinees and their workforce the freedom to join and entrance organizational data 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.What has been done to defend individuals and vexationes from the ever increasing threat of mobile orientated attacks?permeative computing (al so called ubiquitous computing)Endpoint auspices antivirus/malwareenterprise in turnation infrastructuremobile information bail perspective pledge alertness training expert topics are egressside the scope of this researchIntroductionThe purpose of this document is to expose a condescension problem from a technological viewpoint. The subject of the business problem I have selected is on smartphone security alertness. This subject leave behind be analysed and critically evaluated, then expanded upon further to reflect the range of workable solutions and create a comprehensive guide for the benefit of the reader.1.1 MotivationThe motivation for this project was mostly due to my vocational role as an IT consultant. During the course of my employment over the past decade within the IT industry, I have noniced a substantial gap within businesses for the need of greater smartphone security and awareness.It was self-explanatory to me that along with the evolution and improved ca pabilities of cellular devices, established a greater risk for organisations.This thesis is the result of work I have personally carried out in various roles throughout my technological career amongst October 2004 and December 2010.1.2 Aims and objectivesThe following are my aims and objectives for this projectAimsCreate an authoritative document with recommendations to raise awareness and inform businesses for the need of greater mobile security within the business environment.Use insight to establish a research gap.Main objectivesAssess smart mobile devices before long utilize.Analyse security advantages and disadvantages of smart mobile devices.Establish what risks smart mobile devices are uncovered to.Evaluate impact of risk exposed by unsecure mobile devices to businesses.Examine mobile security currently available.Investigate responsibilityEvaluate current business policies and procedures for mobile devices and how these are enforced.Construct smartphone security guide wit h recommendations for businesses.1.3 Problem StatementThe problem is information and financial deviation due to information theft or inaccessibility from malicious software (malware), and the evil impact this has upon the business.There are umteen types of information that can be stored on smartphones for event, personally identifiable information in the form of contact detail (phone, address), email, GPS coordinatesInformation security has giveed significant value within the business domain over the past decade however this value remains subjective. Users have been make aware of the risks posed by malicious software whilst using their personal computer on the internet, now assistive engine room like smart mobile devices are becoming increasingly more powerful, functional and ubiquitous.Where personal computers have at least some(a) security software in place as standard, smartphones commonly have no security software installed and are susceptible to the same threats as perso nal computers.Businesses, professionals and personal use of goods and gainsrs now have a greater awareness for the need of personal computer security. This has been provided by media coverage, enterprise training or through personal experience. When using a personal computer or laptop for example, it is common to find a firewall and antivirus software installed showing that internet safety has now become a sociable normalcy.Examplehttp//www.bloobble.com/broadband-presentations/presentations?itemid=3397Data loss or inaccessibility due to a virus, data theft due toSmartphones are high specification mobile personal computers, and are subject to the same risks personal computers are open to.There are four to five billion mobile phones and we are approaching a billion smart phones. barely remember that these devices are more powerful than supercomputers were a few years ago, and we are putting them in the hands of people whove never had anything like it before. Google chief executiv e officer Eric SchmidtBusinesses need IT to function, IT adds value and to compete in todays economic climate.ITs purpose is to save time, time is money.Todays organisations rely heavily upon information technology in order to leave behind their business to function (Khosrowpour, 2001). This is fundamentally due to how intricate information technology systems are embedded into organisations. Enterprise architecture (EA) is a communication tool between IT and business (Zachman, 2004).EA is multifaceted (Wagter et al, 2005) and for the scope of the project I will be examining how the Security Architecture (SA) facet can benefit organisations to secure the Information Technology within the business against the increasing threat that unsecured mobile devices pose.There are many varied mobile operating systems for smart mobile devices requiring different security applications. I will analyse these systems and the risks associated. My intentions are to investigate what impacts smart mob ile devices can have on businesses, why these problems affect the organisation, and how they are overcome. eventually I will gather insight and make recommendations that businesses can use to foresee and prevent future unnecessary costs and risk.2 Literature criticism2.1 BackgroundThe subject I have proposed to use for this project is a very real-world business and information technology problem.Because smartphone security is still in its infancy, it is currently quite a challenge to source accurate and relevant information from authoritative sources such as Emerald without resorting to weather vane based research. However, the more this project advances smartphone security in the media is becoming omnipresent.The first documented computer virus was builded over 25years ago by two brothers named name 1 and name 2 in Pakistan, the virus was called the brain virusTimeline evolution of the mobile telephone (Malware)AnalogueCellularMobile History / Uses2.2 Current status/Development of theoriesInformation is all that needs to be secured. Malware is changing, smartphones are changing and businesses are changing.How far up the technological ladder are mobiles/feature phones/smartphones2.3 How this project fits in with the publications reviewI had chosen the subject then chosen the literature review method, thus tailoring the literature review to fit the requirements of the project.3 inquiry methods3.1 Introduction hypothesisThroughout my employment, I recognised a gap and need for smartphone security within3.2 Epistemologyhttp//www.learnhigher.ac.uk/analysethis/main/quantitative1.htmlOne of the methods of abbreviation I will to use is the conceptual method, this has been described by Beaney as a way of breaking down or analysing concepts into their constituent parts in order to gain knowledge.Conceptual analysis consists primarily in breaking down or analysing concepts into their constituent parts in order to gain knowledge or a better chthonianstanding of a particular philosophical issue in which the concept is involved (Beaney 2003). I have interpreted this to mean the compartmentalisation and analysis of data.The proposed project will be delivered using an analytical in-depth research structure. I have chosen this project structure as it will primarily be research based on the current business problem as previously stated. I intend to analyse this problem, propose possible solutions, test and enforce a well-documented solution with recommendations.Critical and creative thinking skills such as Edward.De Bono six thinking hats will be used to examine the problem domain. A review will be given on how the systems work and compare them to how they should work. I will then analyse the solution domain by examining which options are available to improve the system security along with an optimal recommendation and the benefits it would provide.3.3 Methodology public figureure research methodFor my project I will implement a triangulated, p ositivistic methodological approach, I have chosen this particular technique as it will provide me a balanced view of the subject area. I will incorporate some(prenominal) quantitative and qualitative primary research methods as recommended by Bryman (BRYMAN, 2006). However for the scope of this project I will be mostly using Quantitative based research as indicted in Fig 1 below..Bryman advises that quantitative data can be gathered by way of a survey and qualitative research collected from journals and interviews.Initially I will undertake primary research in the form of a survey questionnaire, and furthermore I will interview professionals in the field of smartphones and security such as police personnel, security advisors and mobile phone stool staff.The survey will be available to respondents in paper form and electronically hosted so any user with internet access may access it. I will design the survey to be concise and simple to maximise the amount of respondents and gain q uality information.My target survey participants are business managers, IT professionals and general smartphone users. I have chosen to target these particular users as I am trying to ascertain not only the perception of smartphone security but also what policies and procedures are put in place and how aware users are of these. I have proposed to target these users by using a prevalent internet based technological social news website named Reddit.Reddit has a daily turnover of over 850.000 unique users (Alexa, 2010). According to Alexa the average Redditor is male, between the age of 18 to 44, does not have children, is well educated and browses Reddit either from work or home, suggesting that the mass of Redditors are working professionals and due to being a technological social news website the average user is technologically aware (Alexa, 2010). This confirms my premise and establishes that Reddit would suit my proposed target survey participant.There are many options available for online survey software, from each one option has its benefits and weaknesses, I have carefully analysed these options personally and have chosen to utilise the cloud based option Survey Monkey to host my survey. The heedlessness limitations of Survey Monkey arethe survey itself has been designed to be logical with closed questioning andQualitative data has been sourced from reliable and authoritative resources. I have chosen journals from EmeraldPrimary research methods usedInterviewing mobile phone shop staff, police, business ownersI will critically analyse the results of my survey by canvas the answers given to a risk register.4 Results4.1 Presentation and description of resultsWho took part?A survey was conducted to establish the awareness for the need of smartphone security. Users were openly invited from technological backgrounds to extend to in the survey and assured of anonymity. A total of 758 people responded to the online survey from a possible 854,998 potential participants. The survey itself was open for one month during February and ring 2011.The results indicated that majority share with 82% of survey responders being male as opposed to the 18% that were female both averaging at 26 years of age, this confirms part of my original hypothesis as an average smartphone user.When asked, 53% of respondents report that they had used their smartphone solely for personal use as opposed to the 45% of sharers that describe they used their smartphone for both business and personal use, with just 2% reporting to use a smartphone solely for business use only as shown in Fig 2 combining a total of 47%.CUsersLeeDesktopUniUniversity 2010_11MikeDissertationDocumentsDissertationSurveySurvey monkey charts8 skylarksSM_Features_Line.pngFigure Smartphone use25% of respondents had only been using smartphones for the past six months, 17% were aware they had been using them for at least a year and a majority percentage of 59% had been using smartphones for m ore than one year.Only 12% of respondents opted to use the pay as you go payment facilities as opposed to the greater majority of 88% that have contracts.SMARTPHONE34% of respondents used an Apple IPhone, 58% reported to use Android smartphones, 13% used Blackberries and 6% (46) of respondents had Nokia smartphones.(GRAPHIC)87% of respondents had used calendar functions, 94% of respondents used email, 86% of used games, 87% of respondents used GPS features, 74% of respondents used instant messaging, 52 % of respondents used internet lingoing facilities, 66% of respondents used multimedia messaging service (MMS), 94% of respondents used the short messaging service (SMS) feature and 78% of respondents admitted to using social networking sites on their smartphone. A total of 756 participants responded and 2 participators chose not to answer the question.From a total of 758 respondents, 63% (476) valued the somatic smartphone above the 37% (282) whom valued the information more.Applic ations93% of survey partakers used 3G for mobile data communication, 59% of respondents used Bluetooth technology, only 4% of had used infrared frequency line of sight technology, 75% of respondents admitted to connecting via universal serial bus (USB), 94% of participators had used wireless for mobile data communication. Total of 757 participators answered this question and 1 partaker chose to skip the question.SecuritySurvey respondents considered smartphone security as beneficial but not essential as the majority answer with 64% (485), 21% (159) didnt not consider there to be a need currently for smartphone security software as opposed to 15% (114) whom considered smartphone security software as absolutely essential. A total of 758 of 758 responded to this question.87%Of participants stated that they do not use any smartphone security software.87% of participants reported that they did not use any form of smartphone security software such as antivirus as opposed to 13% that did. A majority of 92% (699) had not been advised of any security methods to protect them or their information from fraud, theft or malicious software. 8% (59) respondents agreed they had received adequate security advice. Everyone answered this.Malware95% (694) of respondents were aware of Adware, 27% had known just about Badware, 25% (181) of respondents were aware of Crimeware, 69% (504) had previous knowledge of Rootkits, Trojans(95%, 696), Spyware (95%, 697), and Worm (90%, 656)were the most commonly aware terms of malware from the malicious software list, the majority being virus (711) with 97% of respondents being aware of this type of malware. 731 respondents answered this question.62% of survey participants reported that they did not pay attention to licence agreements and permissions when installing applications on their smartphones 34% reported they did read the licence agreements and permissions. 4% of respondents believed that this question was not applicable to them for their smartphone use.Personal Computer81% of responders were aware for the need of security software for personal computers and 19% were not aware. All survey partakers responded to this question.94% (713) participants have connected their smartphone to a personal computer (PC), 6% (46) stated they had not ever connected to a PC. All 758 respondents answered this question.96% (728) respondents stated that they owned the smartphone, only 4% (30) of respondents had employer owned smartphones. All partakers responded to this question.ResponsibilityOut of the 758 respondents, 15% (115) were aware of policies within their place of business, with the majority of respondents 41% (309) unaware of any workplace policies or procedures particularly orientated toward smartphones. 44% (334) responded that the question was not applicable to them. All participants answered this question.4.2 Discussion and interpretation of the results sentiency and concernCompare phones and age to security awarene ssBb were the most security aware groupInternet banking is true by smartphone antivirus is false and user is aware of computer antivirus need.Harris Interactive Tablet users more likely to transfer sensitive data than smartphone usersSerendipity, sagacity5 SmartphonesA mobile phone is a man-portable electronic device used to make and receive telephone calls. The mobile phone was first revealed by Dr Martin Cooper from the keep company Motorola in 1973, it was not until ten years after Dr Coopers demonstration that Motorola botherd its flagship mobile phone the DynaTAC, this was the worlds first commercially viable mobile phone (Motorola, 2009).Originally these devices were commercially targeted at businesses and upper chassis individuals as the cost of the device was very high and the actual usage was severely restricted, due to the technology limitations at this time shelling weight was 2kg (Motorola, 2009) and the battery duration would last a maximum of 30 minutes thus makin g the device impractical and available only to businesses and professional consumers.According to Moores Law, the number of transistors on a chip roughly doubles every two years. (Intel, 2005)As Moore stated over thirty five years ago, due to the patterned advance of processors, battery technologies and overall reduced power consumption, mobile phones have become lighter, smaller, more powerful and longer lasting. Due to these fundamental technological advancements mobile phones have been able to incorporate additional existing technologies such as camera units, sensors, speakers and often take advantage of JAVA based applications and features, thus coining the term Feature phone. Feature phones are more advanced technologically than mobile phones.SmartphoneThe term smartphone is ambiguous and many experts fail to agree on a suitable definition. roughly smartphone features are not exclusive to a particular category, this project does not intend to make that definition, however for the scope of this project I have listed unite definitions and compared current smartphone features as listed in Figure 3 below.Most vendors type moreGartner, a world leading authority in information technology research define smartphones as A large-screen, voice-centric handheld device designed to offer complete phone functions while simultaneously functioning as a personal digital assistant.(Gartner, 2010)Feature phones can have several of the characteristics as listed below in figure 3, however smartphones have the capability of providing all the capabilities. As a result, any mobile device meeting all conditions of each function in figure 3 can be considered a smartphone under this definition.Figure Smartphone characteristicsFunctionCharacteristicPhone size braid is compact and easily transported.Operating SystemOperating system that allows third party applications.Connectivity whatchamacallit provides multiple methods (wired and wireless) of connecting to both the internet and other devices and networks.InputThe device contains keyboard, or touchscreen keyboard.Storage capacityThe device has a large and expandable storage facility. might functionalityThe device provides the ability to perform basic office tasks such as email, take notes and word processing.CalendarThe device includes a digital organiser and calendar. synchronizationThe device supports synchronisation of information with fixed desktop or laptop devices, or online web services.Phone FeaturesThe mobile device executes voice, text and multimedia subject functions.SensorsAcceloratormeter, light, sound and movement sensors.A model to measure the maturity of smartphone security at softwareUnder this definition of smartphones or Smart Mobile Device (SMD) the following mobile platforms were includedApple iOSBlackberryGoogle AndroidSymbianWindows MobileThese mobile platforms were reported to be the top 5 mobile platforms used in 2010Figure (?) Storage expansion cardsSmartphones currently reside in the top tier of mobile communication technology.Third party operating systemAs previously stated there are many smartphone platforms available, each platform and brand bringing different benefits and functionality. These platforms or operating systems create opportunities for both businesses and personal users. For businesses this increased functionality provides the facility for added employee productivity.These opportunities exist not just for business and personal users as the opportunity extends to the bad guys too, I will continue to beg off further in the document.Smartphone DefinitionA smartphone is defined as A cellular telephone with built-in applications and Internet access (PCMAG, 2010)describes a smartphone as a and describes it asI have interpreted these descriptions and define smartphones as not feature phones basically.All smartphones have generalised functionality, such as input devices (keys, touchscreen) I will go into greater detail regarding the operating feat uresBotha, et al (2009) point out that early generations of cell phones and PDAs had relatively little storage capability. Johnson (2009) indicates that todays generation of devices can be quickly and easily upgraded by adding additional storage cards.http//mobileopportunity.blogspot.com/2007/01/shape-of-smartphone-and-mobile-data.html5.1 AppleThe Apple Iphone was the original smartphone (), first released in June 2007.Popular, perceived security (apple store, scans for malware?)Simplistic designLimitations NO support for flash5.2 AndroidOpen source, will be biggest5.3 Blackberry (RIM)Security architecture built upon military specification, perceived most secure as email encryption (tunnelled) through CanadaBanned in UAE5.4 SymbianOwned by Finnish giant Nokiaopen sourcing the software opens up the availability of the spring Code to syllabusmers, who can then develop, modify and distribute as they see fit meaning a richer and hopefully what becomes a considerably improved OS very q uickly thanks to developer input. http//blog.mobiles.co.uk/mobile-news/symbian-os-goes-open-source/http//blog.mobiles.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/symbian.jpgMost popular globally, acquired by Microsoft?5.5 Windows mobileNewest player, least perceived secure device6 Smartphone role within business environment6.1 Email7 Malware definedContinuously evolving, changing creativeVirologyMalware encompassesDefine Malware (Family)Malware, short formalicious software http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware Grimes (2001) defines malware as any software program designed to move from computer to computer and network to network to intentionally modify computer systems without the consent of the owner or operator. Etsebeth, V. (2007)Sensory malware soundminer, a stealthly Trojan with innocuous permissions that can sense the context of its audible surroundings to target and extract a very small amount of HIGH-VALUE DATA. translate example7.1 BadwareGive example7.2 CrimewareCollecting company se crets for profitCrimeware is malicious software that is covertly installed on computers. Most crimeware progams are in fact Trojans. There are many types of Trojans designed to do different things. For example, some are used to log every key you type (keyloggers), some capture screenshots when you are using banking websites, some download other malicious code, and others let a remote hacker access your system. What they each have in common is the ability to steal your occult information such as passwords and PINs and send it back to the criminal. Armed with this information, the cybercriminal is then able to steal your money. http//www.kaspersky.com/crimewareGive example7.3 GreywareAdwarespywareGive example7.4 jeopardywareGive example7.5 RootkitsiPad and smartphone rootkits demod by boffins http//www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/23/smartphone_rootkits_demoed/Give example7.4 ScarewareGive example7.5 TrojanGive example7.6 VirusGive example8 Define Risk to business or individualMobile banking8.1 Define Legal implicationshttp//www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/its3/seminar-notes/2005-05-18-DataSecurityLaw.pdfComputer related crimeDishonestly obtaining electronic communication serviceSection one hundred twenty-five of the Communications Act 2003 creates an offence in relation to dishonestly obtaining use of an electronic communication service with intent to avoid payment of the charge applicable to that service. This offence reflects the continual advancement of technology, thus covering all the diverse types of services availableTheft of informationOxford v Moss (1979)Unauthorised use of a computer theft of servicesTheft Act 1968, s. 13 dishonestly uses without due authority, or dishonestly causes to be wasted or diverted, any electricityCriminal damage Intangible (Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.3) unauthorised modification to impair the operation,prevent or hinder access or reliability refutation of service The Caffrey problem Case law insiders Whitaker (1993) Lindesay (2000) v irus writers e.g. Pile (1995), Vallor (2003)8.2 ResponsibilityExamine who is responsibleDefine SolutionsEffects and results of infected device on company with each malware type9 SecuritySecurity doesnt exist in products and verbiage alone it requires a process, people, policies, education, and technologies working together. http//www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=65029979.1 ISO270029.2 COBIT 5Schedule to release in 2011, COBIT 5 will consolidate and integrate theCOBIT 4.1, Val IT 2.0 and Risk IT frameworks and also draw significantly from the Business Model for Information Security (BMIS) and ITAF. http//www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/COBIT/Pages/Overview.aspxSecurity updates?9.3 Smartphone security solutionshttp//www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020911-ibm-juniper-mobile-security.html10 ConclusionsMoores Lawhttp//venturebeat.com/2010/08/13/moore%E2%80%99s-law-hits-a-wall-trouble-for-mobile-growth/disqus_thread10.1 Summary10.2 Future workMobile wallets custome rs will be able to transfer funds from their bank account/paypal using their phones via text message (http//www.cs.virginia.edu/robins/Malware_Goes_Mobile.pdf)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NirvanaPhone future smartphonesymbiant acquisitioned by Microsoft (biggest os for pcs) newest player to smartphone market.As Sensor-rich smartphones become more ubiquitous, sensory malware has the potential to breach the secrecy of individuals at mass scales. https//www.cs.indiana.edu/kapadia/papers/soundminer-ndss11.pdf11 GlossaryPC Personal computerPDA Personal digital assistantProsumer Professional + consumer = advanced consumer (Cisco, 2008)http//www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/wp/Prosumer_VS2_POV_0404_FINAL.pdf

The Distribution Channel And Market Analysis Marketing Essay

The Distri providedion Channel And Market Analysis Marketing EssayThe project Study of the dispersal channel and merchandise analysis of the of the products distrisolelyed and marketed by Keventer Agro under the license of Parle Agro involves the study of the strategies undertaken by Keventer Agro to distri savee and market products of Parle Agro which includes hippo and BAILEY PACKAGED DRINKING peeing and BAILEY SODA.Keventer Agro The confederationKeventer Agro Limited is a subsidiary of Keventer Group which has been operating years in the Food Processing Industry in India for more than 125 years. Keventer exports Alphonso mango Pulp, Totapuri Mango Pulp, Guava Pulp, Sweetened Alphonso Mango Pulp, Mango Pickle, Sesame Seed, Cashew Nuts, Peanuts, Cumin Seed, Fennel Seed, Fenugreek, Coriander Seed, Bakery Ingredients, Fruit Jams, Tutti Fruiti, Red Chilies Button Mushrooms etc. to various countries. Keventer Agro Ltd. (KAL) was established in the year 1986. The division exports food products such as Mango Pulp, Guava Pulp, Sesame Seeds, and Bakery Ingredients to various customers across the globe. In no time, it earned the cor wholenesst of being the first to introduce aseptic closed chainaging in the beverage category (a high-end packaging procedure that preserved the innate(p) goodness of drinks in hygienic packs). The Group entered into a franchisee agreement with the food and beverage giant PARLE to manu eventure, package, distribute and market its well-known brand names namely FROOTI a popular mango drink, APPY and APPY FIZZ- the in-style apple drinks and BAILEY PACKAGED DRINKING WATER nearlyly in the eastern parts of India.In late 2010, Parle Agro inked a nonher agreement with Keventer Agro to set up a sic at Barasat. This new unit manufactures Parle Agros chomp brand hippopotamus. Besides manufacturing, Keventer is besides responsible for marketing, gross revenue and distribution of hippo. Parle Agro chose to partner Keventer for their r ange of food brands which w-ll hl them to expand hippopotamuss market sh be in the eastern part of India.Parle Agro The CompanyParle Agro is a household name in the beverages industry and has leading(p) brands same(p) Frooti, Appy, Appy Fizz and packaged drinking irrigate, Bailley. A pioneer in the Indian industry, Parle Agro were the first to introduce fruit drinks in tetra packaging, first to introduce apple ragweed and the first to introduce fruit drinks in PET bottles. In 2007, Parle Agro forayed into foods with the launch of two confectionery brands, Mintrox mints and butterflower candies. This was soon followed by two more brands covercup Softease and Softease Mithai. Recent beverage products from Parle Agro include Saint Juice, LMN and Grappo Fizz. In 2009, Parle Agro forayed into sharpnesss with the launch of Hippo, in line with the companys vision of becoming a major player in the foods and beverages industry. The snack brand Hippo, was launched in the western regi on showtime with Maharashtra and then it was soon rolled out nation onlyy. Parle Agro commenced operations in 1984. Starting with unaccompanied beverages and diversifying to include bottled wet in 1993 and confectionery in 2007. Frooti was the first product that was rolled out of Parle Agro in 1985. It went on to become Indias favourite mango drink. It still has a leading market sh ar.Parle Agro Pvt. Ltd operates under three business vertical Beverages fruit drinks, nectars, 100% Juice, sparkling drinks, Water Packaged Drinking Water and Foods confectionery, snacksProduct Industry OverviewHIPPO Parle Agro forayed into snacks with the launch of Hippo, in line with the companys vision of becoming a major player in the foods and beverages industry. Hippo is a toasted bread snack. Its ingredients include stubble flour, edible vegetable oils, seasoning mix, corn starch, sugar, raising agent, milk solids, salt, emulsifier, yeast extract powder, instant yeast. It contains added nat ural color and added natural identical flavoring substances but no added MSG, no GMO and no Trans Fat. It comes in two variant Hippo Munchies and Hippo Round-Round. The Hippo Munchies comes in 7 flavors (Chinese Manchurian, Hot-n-Sweet Tomato, Thai Chilli, Yoghurt Mint Chutney, Italian Pizza, Indian Chatpata and Arabian flavoured) and Hippo Round-Round comes in 5 flavors (Punjab Da Pickle, Gujrati Mango Chatni, Shillong Noodle Masala, Goan Butter and Garlic, Firangi Cheese n Spice). It is available in three sizes which be priced at Rs 5, Rs 10 and Rs 20.Industry to which Hippo belongs Hippo is a player of the snack food industry of India. The Indian snack industry is one of the largest when considered in the global level. With rising standard of living, people ar more resorting to snacks items during breakfast, supper or any time snacks most often take the place of meals. Right from production, using up, export and growth prospects owing to emerging markets, increasing demand, a nd incorporation of latest technologies, the snack industry in India has witnessed a dramatic change. Ready-to-eat foods, samosas, kachoris, namkeen, chips, atomic number 18 few of the snacks that are most preferred by Indians. Given the rising demand, the snack industry is going to witness further growth in the future.The snacks food industry in India can b coursely be categorised into three segments staple (biscuits category), traditional (namkeens) and ready-to-eat packaged snacks (chips / crisps). The snack food market in India is $3 one million million with the unionised segment accounting for almost half of the market share and growing at rate of 15 to 20 percent per year. A growing economy, ever-changing lifestyles, rise in disposable incomes and preference for quality products of U.S. origin will continue to fuel growth of imported U.S. snack food items in India. As per an industry estimate, the branded and organized snack food segment dominated by major players such as Frito Lay, Con Agra, Kelloggs, Marico, Dabur, HLL, ITC, Parle, Haldirams, Nestle, Britannia, Cadbury, Bikano and Balaji is estimated to grow by 15 to 20 percent per year whereas the growth of un-branded snack food is likely to grow modestly at 8 percent per year in the airless future.Frito-Lay India led sweet and savory snacks with a sell value share of 46% in 2009. The companys Kurkure, Lehar and Lays Stax offerings have helped it to consolidate its leadership during the year. Haldiram Foods International Ltd and ITC Ltd remained the second and terce ranked players pryively. Products like Hippo claim to be made from healthier ingredients than chips/crisps. With Indian consumers becoming more health conscious and more inquisitive just active the ingredients in their food, sweet and savory snacks will witness an increase in products which are positioned as better for you and healthier snacks.BAILEY PACKAGED DRINKING WATER a nonher(prenominal) product of Parle Agro that is manag ed by Keventer Agro. It is the first irrigate brand to be issued an ISI certification and the first to launch special four-sided 200ml bottles catering to premium airlines like pitchy Airways and British Airways. Bailey is available in 200ml, 300ml, 500ml, 1 ltr. 2 ltr. PET and 5 ltr., 20 ltr., 25 ltr. Jars. The target market is thirsty, hygiene conscious people and Hotel, eating place and Cafe (HORECA). Bailey the brand that is owned by Ramesh Chauhans brother Prakash Chauhan is very popular in the southern part of IndiaIndustry to which Bailley belongs Indias bottled urine system industry is bubbling with a 25-30% growth each year. As the competition heats up, branding will become imperative in the commoditised Rs 1,100 crore market. There are more than 200 bottled water brands in India and among them nearly 80 per cent are local anaesthetic brands. In fact, making bottled water is today a cottage industry in the country. Leaving only if the metros, where a bottled-water m anufacturer can be found even in a one-room cop, in every medium and lowly city and even rough prosperous rural ambits there are bottled water manufacturers.While India ranks in the top 10 largest bottled water consumers in the world, its per capita per annum consumption of bottled water is estimated to be fivesome litres which is comparatively lower than the global average of 24 litres. Today it is one of Indias fastest growing industrial sectors. Between 1999 and 2004, the Indian bottled water market grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25 per cent the highest in the world. The total annual bottled water consumption in India had tripled to 5 billion liters in 2004 from 1.5 billion liters in 1999. Global consumption of bottled water was nearing 200 billion liters in 2006.The market leader is Bisleri International, which boasts a 40 per cent share. It is followed by Coca- Cocas Kinley (around 25 per cent) and PepsiCos Aquafina (around 10 per cent). The top players i n bottled water industry in India are the major international giants like Coca cola, Pepsi, Nestle and noniceable forepart of national players like Mount Everest, Manikchand, Kingfisher, Mohan Meakins, SKN Breweries , Indian Railways so on. Almost all major national and international brands have taken a plunge. Parles Bisleri that virtually monopolised the bottled water market is now vying with Nestle, Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Manikchand, UB and Britannia. According to a national-level study, there are close to 200 bottled water brands in India. Nearly 80 per cent of these are local brands.Bottled water is sold in a variety of packages right from 200 ml pouches and glasses, to 330 ml bottles, 500 ml bottles, to one-liter bottles and even 20- to 50-litre bulk water packs. In terms of cost the bottled water business in India can be divided broadly into three segments, premium natural mineral water, natural mineral water and packaged drinking water.BAILLEY SODA It was first introduced way back in the year of 1998 but due to fierce competition from the local brands it could not sustain in the market. Parle has relaunched its washing soda. Parle Agro within renewed zeal has again introduced Soda with much better packaging and product. The product has a gas record book of 5.4% V/V of carbon dioxide compared to 4.5% V/V of carbon dioxide which makes it stronger followed by Grenade like label on the bottle.Objectives of the ProjectFor HIPPOTo execute a qualitative study on the trend of packaged snack industryTo gauge the acceptance of baked and healthy-snacksTo understand competitors strategy in the marketTo study the sales and distribution structure, pricing (both to the retail merchant and to the consumer) of Hippo and problems in those respected bowl.To develop marketing strategies for HippoTo analyze the markets and determine the factors responsible for sale of products and provide recommendations closely the scope for improvement.To provide a statement of inca rnate responses of the retailersand determine the scope for improvement in the distribution channel for the products and the problems faced by the retailers.To study the strain of consumer behavior and their cognizance towards HIPPOTo find out the problems faced by HIPPO if any and suggest solution to address those problemsFor BAILLEY PACKAGED DRINKING WATER and SODATo find out the potential of bailey packaged drinking water and soda in the marketTo understand the bargaining power of the company in respect to the productTo understand the retailers view about the productsTo find put the main competitors operating in the marketTo provide a statement of collective responses of the retailers and determine the scope for improvement in the distribution channel for the products and the problems faced by the retailers.To find out the problems faced by bailey packaged water and soda if any and suggest solution to address those problemsTo understand the market and suggest ways that would le ad to increase in sales for bailey packaged drinking water and sodaProject systemologyPrimary Research is done through market survey. The research is mainly based onQuestionnaire MethodInterview MethodObservation MethodSecondary Research has also been used as a supporting tool like whatsoever of the data related to holistic picture of the industry has been gathered from the data available on the internetM A I N T E X TSince the project revolves around two types of products distributed and marketed by Keventer Agro under the license of Parle Agro, work done so far involves both the products Hippo and Bailley packaged drinking water and soda.The initial descriptor constituted of mainly studying and analyzing the distribution channel of Hippo and doing a market analysis of the product with respect to pricing, competition, brand wittingness and consumer behavior of Hippo.As per the objective of the project, two sets of questionnaire were preparedFor the retailer which aimed to assess the availability of Hippo, pricing of Hippo, sales, blemish handling and some financial aspect of Hippo viz. its competitors and the other for the consumers.For the consumer which aimed to gauge awareness of the product and the brand, product acceptance, their choice of product and buying pattern.PHASE ONERefer Annexure I for further details.This phase involved daily tittle-tattles from the stock point to the designated markets. The markets covered were Salt Lake, Lake town, S.K. Deb Road Market, Nagerbazar, Mrinalini Cinema Hall Market, New Market, Ultadanga, Kankurgachi, Bagmari, Beadon Street , Aurobindo Road and Vivekananda Road area, Shyambazar, Rajballavpara and Baghbazar. each shop that kept branded snacks in the respective area was approached. The initial plan was to conduct the survey through questionnaire rule but while performing the survey the rule had to be changed to schedule, observation and interview order as it was not convenient for the retailers to fill up the questionnaire.Observations through observation methodThe profile of Hippo and of competitors productMode of storing Hippo and competitors i.e. whether it is on hold over or in the basket or inside almirahThe location of the store i.e. whether it is beside main road or inside a passage or on a squareType of storeApproximate demographyObservations through schedule method was based on three perspectivesAbout Hippo Whether he oblige an eye ons Hippo or not, if not the reason, its availability, reorder period, quality of defective product handling, margin offered, add of streamers and danglers.About Competitor The competition brand kept, approximate margin they offer.About the market as a whole The most selling brand.The interview methodological analysis aimed to gain the intrinsic details of the market functions such as if the retailers does not stay on Hippo would he like to keep it afterward, the confidence policy, frequency of visit of sales representative, retailers vi ew on Hippos marketing strategy and scope of improvement.Findings by theater of operationsArea Salt-Lake KC block, Law College, Opposite of Hyatt Regency and some other places in Salt LakeSample size = 12The distribution in the Salt Lake area is managed by Sonata Distribution. scene was conducted on those shops where products were supplied by the company. incidental sales representative was Mr. Maiti who kit and boodle for Sonata Distribution.Observations by observation methodThe area Opposite of Hyatt is a kind of Slum. It is beside the main road. The area is not so developed. most of the shops are very petty(a) but product visibility is relatively good as they suspend the chain of Hippo on rope supported by a bamboo structure.The area near by The NUJS Law College is kinda polished but the shops are mostly of shack kind and are sparsely distributed. The visibility is good since they also suspend the chains of Hippo on the rope supported by a bamboo structure.KC block is quite dormant. Most of the shops are uncomplete small nor large. Some of the shops were inside a residential complex.Observations by Schedule methodEvery shop keeps Hippo.The reorder level is about a week.Most of the retailers are extremely satisfied with the supply and availability of Hippo.The product supplied are almost defect clean-handed otherwise it is replaced without much hassle.No banner or dangler is supplied to most of the retailers.They are not very satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo is neither too high nor too low. Small pack of Goan Butter and Garlic flavor sells the most.few retailers are aware of the fact that Hippo is baked and not fried but none of the retailers pitch it while selling. warlike brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Zengo, Kids Fun, Bingo.Bingo provides highest margin while Lays is the most selling brand.Observations by interview method Some of the retailers demanded for hanger as they were purpose it difficult to store the p roduct. separate informationRetailer SchemeWith 12 pieces (a chain) of small pack Hippo, a small pack of Hippo is freeWith 18 pieces of medium pack Hippo, a 200ml Tetra pack Frooti is freeWith 34 pieces of medium pack of Hippo, two 200ml Tetra pack Frooti is freeThe sales representative (Mr. Maiti) shares a very good relationship with the retailers. The retailers respect him and trust him which is a prime requisite for the last mile distribution.Mode of transport Light Commercial Vehicle (Auto).Area From Nager Bazar towards Airport entrance no 1Sample size = 12The distribution in the Nager Bazar area is managed by Dazzle Infotech. It is a new distribution house. forward the distribution was done by some other house. The reason behind the change is that, the earlier distributor could not perform. Survey was conducted on those shops where products were supplied by the company. Accompanying sales representative was Mr. Sukalpa who works for Dazzle InfotechObservations by observation methodProper Nagerbazar is quite busy but while moving towards Airport ingress no 1, the area became quieter and less developed.Factories like Jessop Coach Works, Ordnance factory, His Masters Voice(HMV) lies on the area of research.Most of the shops in the proper Nagerbazar area are neither large nor small but the shops towards airport gate no 1 were smaller and some were of the kind of shack.Product visibility is not so as very few hangers have been supplied by the Keventer. However some shops manage to display Hippo by using competitors hanger.Observations by Schedule methodMost of the shops keep Hippo.The reorder level is about a week.All the retailers are extremely satisfied with the supply and availability of Hippo.The products supplied are mostly defect free otherwise it is replaced without much hassle.No banner or dangler is supplied to most of the retailers.They are not very satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo is on the upper crest. Small pack o f Punjab Da Pickle flavor sells the most.Few retailers are aware of the fact that Hippo is baked and not fried but none of the retailers pitch it while selling.Competition brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Bingo, Mukhorochok Potato Chips, Lehar, Haldirams, Parle (Products).Lays provides highest margin and is the most selling brand.Observations by interview methodMost of the retailers demanded for hanger as they were finding it difficult to display the product.A product lot, that was supplied about six calendar months before was defective. It has had a negative impact on the brand image and perception of Hippo among the retailers.Some retailers complained about defective products that were supplied by the earlier distributor were not replaced.Retailers are quite confused of multiple distributor, multiple division policy.Most of the retailers were quest for credit policy and some of them even said that if credit policy is not made available then it would be difficult for them to se ll Hippo anymore.Other informationRetailer SchemeWith 12 pieces (a chain) of small pack Hippo, a small pack of Hippo is freeWith 18 pieces of medium pack Hippo, a 200ml Tetra pack Frooti is freeWith 34 pieces of medium pack of Hippo, two 200ml Tetra pack Frooti is freeThe sales representative (Mr. Sukalpa) is very hard-working but straight. He is not allowed to go beyond the schemes as per the order of his firms proprietor, Mr.Saikat Das. The proprietor believes that if retailers are supplied beyond the schemes provided, then it would work ab initio but in the long run it would quash the brand bargaining power.Mode of transport Van rickshawArea Lake TownSample size = 11The distribution in the Lake Town area is managed by JDP Enterprise. Survey was conducted on all the shops that kept branded snacks. No accompanying sales representative was present with us.Observations by observation methodLake township is quite busy and is a considerably a large market.The area has school, movie theater, departmental stores, large branded showroom etc.Most of the shops in the Lake Town area are on larger side but shops towards S K Deb lane were smaller. S K Deb lane also had a fish market sort of market.Product visibility is very good for competitors brand. Parle Chips can be found outside every shop with very good product arrangement and orientation.Observations by Schedule methodOnly 27% of the sample keeps Hippo and 36% of the sample used to keep Hippo.The reorder level is about a week.All the retailers are more or less satisfied with the supply and availability of Hippo.The products supplied are mostly defect free otherwise it is replaced without much hassle.No banner or dangler is supplied to any of the retailers.They are not satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo was initially high but currently it is low. Small pack of Punjab Da Pickle and Gujrati Mango Chutney flavor sells the most.Only 27% retailers are aware of the fact that Hippo is baked and not fried and none of the retailers pitch it while selling.Competition brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Bingo, Haldirams, Parle (Products), Apna, Pogo.Lays provides highest margin and is the most selling brand.Observations by interview methodMost of the retailers demanded for hanger as they were finding it difficult to display the product.A product lot, that was supplied about six months before was defective. It has had a negative impact on the brand image and perception of Hippo among the retailers.Some retailers complained about defective products that were supplied by the earlier distributor were not replaced.Credit facility is provided to some of the select retailers. wizard of the shop doesnt keep Hippo because the opposite shop gets credit facility but he does not. It hampers the morale of the retailer.Most of the retailer said that nobody demands for Hippo. They would only keep Hippo when its market become stable.Many of the retailers said that nobody approached fro m the Company( Keventer).Out of 36% of retailers who use to keep Hippo, many of the retailers said that they does not keep Hippo because of its low sales.Area New MarketSample size = 17The distribution in the Lake Town area is managed by Haji Enterprise. Survey was conducted on all the shops that kept branded snacks. No accompanying sales representative was present with us.Observations by observation methodNew market is one of the most popular markets of Kolkata. It is mostly dominated by hawkers but one can find any segment of shops starting from branded franchise, mall, large retail and even grey/black market peddler.As it is not a residential area, snacks are usually bought by impulse.As most of the shops are small, their shelve blank shell is limited. So they keep the most selling brands on the shelve. Moreover competitor brands flood their product in to their shelve leaving no space for Hippo.Observations by Schedule methodNone of the shops keep Hippo currently. However 35% of the shops use to keep Hippo previously.47% of the shops were not approached by Keventer.Some of the shops that use to keep Hippo earlier had reorder period of about a week and some a month.Retailers are not at all satisfied with the supply of Hippo.Some of the products that were supplied earlier had defect and were not replaced properly.No banner or dangler is supplied to any of the retailers.They are not satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo was always low. The most selling flavor could not be gauged.Only one of the retailers was aware of the fact that Hippo is baked and not fried but he did not pitch it while selling.Competition brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Bingo, Haldirams, Peppy.Lays provides highest margin and is the most selling brand.Observations by interview methodFew retailers are ready to keep Hippo if approached by the company.Supply has been halted for six months during the transition period of distributor re-appointment.Some retailers c omplained of poor quality product.Credit facility was not provided to any of the retailers.Most of the retailers would keep Hippo after the product is demanded by consumers.Out of 35% of retailers who use to keep Hippo, some of the retailers said that they does not keep Hippo because of its low sales and some said nobody came from the company after one or two consignments i.e. no follow up.Area Ultadanga, Bagmari, Kankurgachi and Murari PukurSample size = 25The distribution in the Lake Town area is managed by Sree Laxmi Distributor. Survey was conducted on all the shops that kept branded snacks. No accompanying sales representative was present with us.Observations by observation methodProper Ultadanga and Kankurgachi is very busy with lines of shops of different sizes. Most of the shops are on the larger side. The market is very developed. Many offices and residential complexes are present in Ultadanga, Kankurgachi area. They are prime location and connects to different parts of Kol kata. However Bagmari has a slum and Murari Pukur is not so developed.Visibility of the product in the shops are good in all the areas. HoweverObservations by Schedule methodOnly 16% of the shops keep Hippo currently. However 32% of the shops use to keep Hippo previously.Some of the shops that use to keep Hippo earlier had reorder period of about a week and some a month.Most of the retailers are not at all satisfied with the supply of Hippo.Some of the products had defect and were not replaced properly.No banner or dangler is supplied to any of the retailers.They are not satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo was on the upper side. Most selling flavor is Punjab Da Pickle.Very few retailers were aware of the nutrition fact of Hippo but none of the pitch it while selling it.Competition brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Bingo, Haldirams, Peppy, Pik-Nik, Timbakto, Ringa-Ring, Simba and local bag snacks.Lays provides highest margin and is the most selling bran d.Observations by interview methodFew retailers are ready to keep Hippo if approached by the company.Supply has been halted for some bitstock of months. The reason is not known.Many of the retailers does not keep Hippo because of the competition brand that floods their product into the shelve, leaving no shelve space for Hippo. One of the retailer said that he does not keep Hippo because the sales representative was rude to him. Some of the retailer said that they might keep Hippo if they are being supplied by rack and basket because of both lack of space and trouble created by mice.Credit facility was not provided to any of the retailers.Many of the shops were neer approached by the company. In those shops when asked if they interested to keep Hippo, most of them had a positive gesture.Area Shyambazar and its neighboring areasSample size = 53The distribution in the Lake Town area is managed by Baba Taraknath Agency. Survey was conducted on all the shops that kept branded snacks. No accompanying sales representative was present with us.Observations by observation methodThe area is very clean and organized with wide roads and greenery. The area has a touch of tradition and is one of the oldest modest areas of Kolkata.The kiosks of the shops are small but has a greater depth.The area is not that busy but lively.The shopkeepers are very well-behaved and some of them even offered some valuable suggestions.The area has got everything starting from school, movie theater, pilgrimage etc.Shops with local pouched snacks as sole product can be found.Pogo Chips has good penetration and is visible in many shops.Observations by Schedule method47% of the shops keep Hippo currently. However 20% of the shops use to keep Hippo previously.There is nothing definite about the reorder period the shops. For some shop the reorder peroid is a week, some fortnight and some even a monthMost of the retailers are quite satisfied with the supply of Hippo.Some of the products had defect and were not replaced properly.No banner or dangler is supplied to most of the retailers. Only 1 shop had a rack.They are not satisfied with the margin offered by Hippo.The demand for Hippo was on the lower side. Most selling flavor is Punjab Da Pickle.Considerably more retailers are aware of the nutrition fact of Hippo but none of the pitch it while selling it.Competition brands are Lays, Kur-kure, Cheetos, Bingo, Haldirams, Pogo, Nabadeep, Apna, Max-G, Tofo, Keka, Mukhorochok, Pringle, Tofo, Sony, Timbakto, Zeng and local pouched snacks.Local pouched snack and Pogo provides highest margin but Lays is the most selling brand.Observations by interview methodThey said the schemes provided by Lays is better. Lays has scheme that if they can sell Frito-Lay product of Rs 10000/month then they would get cash rebate on further purchase and gifts.Some said that the Hippo as a product is poor. Its just a toasted bread sprinkled with spices. Its wont suffice upto the expectation and taste of the consumerThe sell goes up when the schools are open.Most of them complained about the cash policy of Hippo.One of the retailer said that his shelve space is limited and he would only the best selling products and more-over Hippo doesnt provide either great margin or credit facility and moreover nobody demands for it. So he doesnt find it feasible to keep Hippo.

Strategies To Resolve The Principal Agent Problem Accounting Essay

Strategies To Resolve The Principal Agent professional personblem Accounting EssayIn general, the forefront- ingredient riddle refers to difficulties of motivating one party the cistron to act for the best interest of the other party the principal. In a alliance, the owners of the assets (the stockholder) are the principals and the managers of the company are the agents. The stockholders of the company authorize the managers to manage and use their resources to make profit for the stockholders. (Kaskarelis, I. A. 2010) The cause of the principal-agent job is that the information asymmetry between the principal and the agent and the principal and agent have different interests. (Ulrike, L., Arleta, M) Generally, the Agents are the managers of the resources and have more information than the principals. In a company, the managers of the company pass on have more information about the company than the stockholders of the company. The agents may use this asymmetric information to get interest for themselves rather than the principals.Figure 1, Basic Model of Principal-agent problemIn general, the principal-agent problem is the problem that the agent is non doing the best for the principals. The so-called principal-agent problem is really caused by the interest conflicts between the two parties. As a principal, he or she wishes the agent to do the best for his or her interest. As an agent, he or she should do the best for the principal. However, without enough and appropriate motivations from the principal, the agent may not doing the best for the principals. If the agent is not acting for the interest of the principal, the good hazard happens. This is the classical model of principal-agent problem. In ensnare to motivate the agent to work for the best interest of the principal, incentives should be given.Strategies to firmness of purpose the principal-agent problemMake appropriate incentive structureThe first strategy of solving the principal-agent prob lem can be from the incentive aspect of the agent. The cause of the principal-agent problem is the motivation given to the principals. Based on the experiment of principal-agent problem, spirited execution of instrument of the agents were observed if good recompenses were given to the agents. (Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger, Arleta Mietek, 2010) Even though the relationship between the compensation and the performance is not linear, the outputs of the agents have positive relationship with the compensation of the agents. Yuliy Sannikov (2008) advocates that the dynamic incentives play very important position in the economic life. In a company, the wages of the managers and overly the employees can affect the performance responses of the company. Connecting the compensations of the agents to the performance will give incentives to the agents to do their best.In a company, the employees salaries can be connected to the performance results of the employees. The managers salaries can be linked to the performance of the company. In this situation, the managers of the company will have enough incentive to do their best. The stockholders of the company can also have a go at it the better profits of the company. atomic number 53 alternative solution is to give the managers of the company certain amount of corporate stocks. The income of the managers are affected by the stock prices (Bruhl, R. H. (2003). The managers will have the incentive to do the best to increase the stock price of the company. In fact, many listed companies have the so called Equity Incentive Package (Bronstein, R. J. 1980).Pro and consThis strategy of solving the principal agent problem is the most basic one and the short-term effect can be seen immediately. Linking the agents compensation with the performance by giving the managers corporate stock is the most effective way to solving the principal agent problem. The potential drawback of this strategy is that giving the managers stock may resu lt in the possibility of insider trading.Evaluate the performance of the agent continuouslyThe second strategy of solving the principal-agent problem is to monitor the agents behavior and evaluate the performance of the agents. I will explain this in the case of a company. In a company, the managers as the agents and the stockholders of the company are the principals. The managers behaviors are monitored by the stockholders closely in order to make sure that they are doing the best for the interest of the stockholders. In the company, the evaluation of the performance of the company is also very important. When the evaluation of the performance plays a role in determining the compensation of the employees, that is to say there is still room for the employees to improve the performance (Carl Blumstein, 2010). with the monitoring of the companys performance, the managers of the company tend to perform better.Pro and cons perpetual evaluation of the performance in a company can motiva te the managers continuously (Long, N., Sorger, G. 2010). Because of the continuous motivation, the performance of the company can keep improving. This is the biggest benefit of the strategy. However, the evaluation process of the managers is a time and money consuming task. The evaluation or monitoring of the agents may incur a lot of expenses.Regulate the agent with moral standardsThe principal-agent relationship is not only a kind of legal relationship between the principal and the agent. The principal agent problem is also a moral hazard problem (Randy, S. 2011). According to the basic business ethics, it is ethical for the agents to do the best to represent the interest of the principals.The first strategy of solution by expression the appropriate incentive structure of the agents and the second strategy of monitoring the activities of the agents can get only short term results. In the long term, establishing the ethical ken of representing the best interest of the stockhol ders can be a good choice. With a good ethical awareness, the principal and agent problem can be puzzle out in the long term (Ruachhaus, R. W. 2009). In the case of Psychiatrists Relationships with Industry, the principal agent problems can be solved from both incentives and ethical view (Appelbaum, P. 2010). The doctors are the agents of the patients. The doctors with high moral standard will not recommend medicines of high cost to the patients unless is necessary.Pro and consThe moral standard improvement requires a long time and also needs the commitment of the employees. The moral issues in the principal agent problem can be seen clearly, but sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish. The potential advantage of this strategy is that it can achieve long term result in the company.ConclusionThe principal agent problem comes from the asymmetric information between the principal and the agent and the principal and agent have different interests. The principal hires the agent to work for him and the agent works for the interest of the principal. Without enough motivations, principal agent problem appears. The principal agent problem is also a moral hazard problem.There are tether alternative solutions to overcome the principal agent problem. One is to give incentives to the agent. The second is to evaluate and monitor the agents activity to make sure the agent works best. The last solution is depending on the moral standards. All these three solutions have different advantages and disadvantages.